Just finished Alan Jamieson's book 'A Churchless Faith: Faith journeys beyond the churches'. It's the first sociological study of the out-of-church phenomenon in Evangelical, Pentecostal and Charismatic churches in New Zealand (but I think the findings are also relevant for other western nations). What makes people stop attending church and what happens to their faith after they have left?
Jamieson's research kills some of the prevailing stereotypes/myths about church leavers, and clearly shows that the majority of people who leave EPC churches are in their thirties and early forties, have been active and committed church members for years (often functioning in a leadership role), and left the church box because their faith journey (following Christ) was taking them beyond the theology and practice of the church. In other words: the church became limiting, rather than releasing.
I guess I match this profile fairly well. I recognized many of the personal stories Jamieson included in his book. He describes four types of church leavers: displaced followers, reflective exiles, transitional explorers and integrated way-finders. I'm a mix of the latter two (see this table with the different characteristics).
What I found most helpful is that Jamieson links these out-of-church species to James Fowler's theory of faith development (see this map). Fowler discerns six faith stages, from a person's initial surrender to Christ until the final stage of becoming a saint of the Bonhoeffer and Mother Theresa type. Now, surprise, surprise - most church-goers are loyalists/conformists (phase 3), which means that "the individual is acutely tuned to the expectations and judgements of significant others" (read: church leaders and fellow-loyalists). The whole church system is designed to serve this group. People who reflect and ask critical questions (phase 4) or develop their own God-given vision (phase 5) don't fit in the church box anymore. As most churches are scared for (and therefore don't offer space for) the foundational conversations these people are engaged in, and are not ready to change the format, these people are more or less forced out.
The implication of Fowler's theory is that the moment you move on in your faith journey (say from phase 3 where most churches are to phase 4 or 5), there is often no turning back. When you've grown-up, it's counter-natural to still go to kindergarten or highschool. In Chapter nine Jamieson compares this process of church leaving with jumping ship. Organized church is like a big cruise ship with its routines, one-size fits all, and fixed destination ports. But there are some people who buy their own sailing yacht, set out their own track, and explore new shores. More freedom, but also more responsibility to (learn to) navigate yourself.
Interestingly the group that should understand why active Christians leave church - church leaders - generally have no clue what's going on. They don't do exit-talks. They assume people are overly critical or backsliding, and so nothing really changes. As I wrote in an earlier posting, there are seven things church leavers wished their church had done/been to help them stay involved. The two main ones are a. providing places to explore, question and doubt, and b. including a theology of journey. In other words: being principally open to people who think differently, and making room to grow, even to the point of helping people to leave church, and move into their next phase. Jamieson challenges EPC churches to become not only seeker-sensitive, but also leaver-sensitive. In the last chapter he even proposes a dialogue between EPC churches and liminal groups (emerging and organic expressions of church), as they can both learn from each other.